![]() ![]() ![]() This extremely broad host range implies that AM fungi must have highly efficient mechanisms to intracellularly colonize so many plants. AM fungi establish extensive below-ground networks interconnecting different plant species and most plant roots are colonized by multiple AM fungi. Individual AM fungi can colonize a large number of host plants, which indicates that (in general terms) there is a lack of host specificity, although host preferences have been reported (Helgason et al., 1998 Vandenkoornhuyse et al., 2003 Torrecillas et al., 2012 van der Heijden et al., 2015). This endosymbiosis, which originated ~450 million years ago, provides a number of benefits to plants such as improved uptake of scarce nutrients (especially P and N) and water from the soil, and protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses (Smith and Read, 2008). The vast majority of all land plants establish endosymbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi belonging to the fungal subphylum Glomeromycotina (Spatafora et al., 2016). irregularis secretome, which now offers a solid basis to direct functional studies on the role of fungal SPs in AM symbiosis. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the R. Furthermore, SP expression is controlled locally in the hyphal network in response to host-dependent cues. In addition, a subset shows significant differential expression depending on the host plant. Our data indicate that most expressed SPs show roughly equal expression levels in the interaction with all three host plants. In addition we used laser microdissection in combination with RNA-seq to study SP expression at different stages of the interaction in Medicago. We investigated the expression of SP-encoding genes of Rhizophagus irregularis in three evolutionary distantly related plant species, Medicago truncatula, Nicotiana benthamiana and Allium schoenoprasum. ![]() ![]() Therefore, we studied whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi adjust their secretome in a host- and stage-dependent manner to contribute to their extremely wide host range. We hypothesize that secreted proteins (SPs) may act as fungal effectors to control symbiotic efficiency in a host-dependent manner. There is very little host specificity in this interaction, however host preferences as well as varying symbiotic efficiencies have been observed. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form the most wide-spread endosymbiosis with plants. ![]()
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